Ebook , by George Orwell

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, by George Orwell

Ebook , by George Orwell

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Product details

File Size: 1795 KB

Print Length: 448 pages

Publisher: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (May 17, 2016)

Publication Date: May 17, 2016

Language: English

ASIN: B01ESFYGLG

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[This two-in-one book comprises two of Orwell’s early nonfiction works: Down and Out in Paris and London (1933) and Homage to Catalonia (1938).]Homage to Catalonia is Orwell’s account of his participation in the Spanish Civil War (1936 to 1939) between those loyal to the Spanish Republic and a rebel fascist group led by General Francisco Franco. Orwell fought on the side of the Republic. The fact that an Englishman would go abroad to fight in another country’s civil war is explained by the fact that the war had international implications as a battle between the forces of international worker revolution against the reactionary forces of inherited rule, wealth and power, and the Catholic Church as a temporal power. Arms and fighting men poured into Spain from many different countries; both sides accepted the international aid.At some point in the fighting, Orwell’s side, the Republicans were fractured by a Communist takeover that sought to purge other groups from the Republican cause. It is not very clear why the Communists did this, but it was apparently disastrous for Spain. Franco’s Nationalists won the war and the General went on to rule Spain for the next 36 years.Orwell fails to explain clearly the politics behind this war and why his side splintered. Maybe he just did not understand the politics either, or maybe his goal was something else. Perhaps, like other soldiers, he was just too close to the events to be able to give the big picture. As it was, his war experience lasted only about six months. He was put out of the action when a sniper’s bullet hit him in the throat. Although he obviously survived, he was in no condition to go back to the front, and the final two chapters are devoted to telling how he managed to get out of Spain alive. His militia group (P.O.U.M., one of many initials-only groups) was being purged by the Communists. Members were being rounded up, imprisoned, and even shot.Orwell writes of these events several months after they happened. The outcome of the war was still unknown, but he must have sensed that his side was doomed. He writes that he was “a pawn in an enormous struggle that was being fought out between two political theories” (p. 51), ie, between democratic socialism and reactionary fascism.Orwell’s account of his experiences in Spain left me a little cold. He never lets you connect emotionally with anyone in this story. For example, his wife, Eileen, is a part of this story. She is not involved in the fighting, but she is in Barcelona with Orwell during his recovery from his wound, and the two of them struggle to get out of Spain. But she is always “my wife,” never Eileen. He never describes his wife or relates her feelings and emotions. She is just there. The same is pretty much true for all the other people who figure in this story. Of course, this is not a novel or an autobiography; it is war journalism with a strong bias toward Orwell’s side in the war. And Orwell very clearly cautions the reader that his story is biased.Down and Out is Orwell’s account of his experience of living in poverty. He was not born into poverty; his parents were, in his words, “lower-upper-middle-class.” He had an Eton education, but he was a scholarship student there, definitely not part of the upper class. In 1928, he moved to a working-class district in Paris with the aim of writing about poverty. After pawning all his belongings and nearing starvation, he finally lands a job as a dishwasher (a plongeur) in a fancy restaurant. The work day is incredibly long and the pay poor, but at least he has food. His experience enables him to write about the effects of hunger (“Complete inertia is my chief memory of hunger….” p. 280) and a life of drudgery at the bottom of the social scale. He calls a plongeur “one of the slaves of the modern world…he is no freer than if he were bought and sold.” (p. 351) He compares such workers in the West to rickshaw pullers in the East. They are mere beasts of burden, and the worst part is that such human degradation serves only to provide others with luxuries.After a few years of such living, perhaps fearing that he would become trapped in this existence, Orwell writes to a friend in London asking his help in finding a job. But when he gets to England, the job has vanished, at least temporarily, and he is left without income. So begins Orwell’s life as a tramp in England.Men who have no work and no money (they are almost all men) in London and its surroundings can fine temporary housing in various charity lodgings, called spikes. But these places are dirty and crowded, and the food is minimal (a cup of tea and two slices of bread). The men are locked into wards or cubicles in the evening and must leave the next morning. They are not allowed to stay in one spike for any length of time, nor may they return to the same spike later. Thus, they are forced to wander from town to town, from one lodging place to another. They are forced into a vagabond life. Jobs are scarce and pay little. Why are there tramps and vagrancy? Orwell answers that the law creates the situation by requiring these men to keep moving and providing no opportunity to do meaningful work. Furthermore, the tramps have no sexual outlet and often turn to homosexuality. He concludes, “The evil of poverty is not so much that it makes a man suffer as that it rots him physically and spiritually. And there can be no doubt that sexual starvation contributes to this rotting process.” (pp. 432-3)I found this book so much more engaging than Homage to Catalonia. I think this is partly because, in Down and Out, Orwell takes the time to present fully and in detail some of the people he spent his time with. In Paris, there is Boris, a Russian refugee, who is trying to get a job as a waiter in a “smart restaurant.” Boris and Orwell starve together, slave together, and share their meager pennies and bread crusts. Boris is ever hopeful of getting rich, but clearly appears to be deluding himself. In London, there are Paddy, an Irishman, who is constantly scanning the pavement for cigarette butts, and Bozo, a screever or street-chalking artist. These and other characters are presented as fully human actors in Orwell’s drama of life in poverty, and they help make the stories as riveting as they are painful.

I chose to read "Homage to Catalonia" before taking up a study of the Spanish civil war. I don't know how much of his account was fiction, if any, but it has proved an accurate accounting of the battle around Heusca and the troubles in Barcellona. If you want to get a feel for the mood and temperament of the people at the time and the civil war in general, this is a good read.

With courage as praiseworthy as his writing talents, Orwell joined the Spanish Civil War on the side of the beleaguered Spanish Republic, under siege from both the inside and beyond. His account still stands as one of the important documents of that time since in it he raises the curtain on what we have since come to recognize as "Fascism". Orwell's story stands not just as a riveting eyewitness account of that sad war, but from it he gained the material and insight that led him to write his signature work: 1984. It was a book I couldn't put down. A marvelous read!I have not yet read Down and Out...

If you are interested in what the Spanish Civil War was like there is none better than Orwell's little book about being there and in it. Down and Out in Paris and London describes what it was like to be a single unemployed man and impoverished in London and what life was like for a English immigrant with no money in Paris. Orwell writes so well the book is a breeze to read.

Truth is the first casualty of war. Orwell shows us this in Homage to Catalonia. Also 90% boredom and 10% terror. The accompanying book was Down & Out in Paris and London, written before Orwell married. What fascinated me was the hierarchy of restaurant staff, and the chaos and filth in the kitchen that customers never see.

I only read Homage à Catalonia in this two book collection. I think it is great for the casual reader, undergrad or graduate student. Everyone could learn something about the nature of warfare, political parties and the modern means of mass news media from Orwell's trenchant account. In this compelling narrative account, Orwell goes to fight the fascists in Spain and learns that political parties, and the ideological rigidity is more important to the left (stalinists in this case) than winning the war against the rebel fascists. The Stalanists take over, accuse the POUM (socialists) and anarchists of being spies for the fascists and ultimately cause the fascists victory due to their inability to cooperate for the common good like a proper popular front. I highly recommend Orwell's insightful and witty narrative.

I have to stop myself during reading of Down and Out... Which is why I principally bought the book. Having run away from home as a teenager and lived almost "on the streets" for a year, I'm surprised by the touching, realistic moments in this story. PLUS, the HMH version is beautifully bound.

I finally got around to reading this to prepare me for a trip to Barcelona and northern Spain, which happened to take place during Oct. 2017, when the Catalonian parliament was voting to secede. Very timely read of a great book.

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